Child Maltreatment Trends

Updated August 11, 2024 | Posted October 12, 2021
By the Annie E. Casey Foundation
Update childmaltreatment 2021

What Is Child Maltreatment? 

In the Unit­ed States, the Child Abuse Pre­ven­tion and Treat­ment Act defines child abuse or neglect, at a min­i­mum, as any recent action or inac­tion by a par­ent or care­tak­er that results in a child experiencing:

  • seri­ous phys­i­cal or emo­tion­al harm;
  • sex­u­al abuse or exploitation; 
  • sex traf­fick­ing;
  • an immi­nent risk of seri­ous harm; or
  • death.

Beyond this fed­er­al def­i­n­i­tion, states have dif­fer­ent poli­cies for what is con­sid­ered child mal­treat­ment, how their child pro­tec­tive ser­vices depart­ment responds and what lev­el of evi­dence is required to sub­stan­ti­ate an alle­ga­tion of maltreatment. 

The terms child mal­treat­ment” and child abuse and neglect” are often used inter­change­ably in stud­ies and find­ings relat­ed to child mal­treat­ment in the Unit­ed States. 

Mass Gen­er­al Brigham, the nation’s largest non­prof­it hos­pi­tal-based research enter­prise in the Unit­ed States, defines and describes the basic child mal­treat­ment types. These are:

Neglect is any fail­ure to pro­vide for a child’s basic needs. In addi­tion to phys­i­cal needs — such as shel­ter, cloth­ing, food and med­ical care — chil­dren also need an edu­ca­tion as well as social and emo­tion­al care.

Phys­i­cal abuse is any inten­tion­al aggres­sive or vio­lent behav­ior toward a child that caus­es or could cause a phys­i­cal injury. This type of mal­treat­ment can include:

  • slap­ping, hit­ting, punching;
  • kick­ing;
  • shak­ing;
  • shov­ing; or
  • burn­ing.

Child sex­u­al abuse spans any sex­u­al expe­ri­ence involv­ing a child due to the exploita­tion of adult pow­er and author­i­ty. Phys­i­cal con­tact is not required for child sex­u­al abuse to have occurred. 

Emo­tion­al abuse attacks a child’s basic emo­tion­al needs or con­sis­tent­ly pre­vents such needs from being met. This type of mal­treat­ment can include name-call­ing, chron­ic yelling and swear­ing, mak­ing exces­sive demands on per­for­mance, rejec­tion, manip­u­la­tion, with­hold­ing love and mak­ing threats. This type of abuse can leave chil­dren feel­ing unlov­able, endan­gered, worth­less, and flawed; it can also lead to anx­i­ety, depres­sion, with­draw­al or aggres­sive behav­ior in children.

Child Mal­treat­ment Statistics

The abuse or neglect of any child is a tragedy, and the encour­ag­ing news from the lat­est data in the KIDS COUNT® Data Cen­ter is that the annu­al num­ber of con­firmed child mal­treat­ment vic­tims in the Unit­ed States decreased by almost 125,000 from 2015 to 2022. The rate of child mal­treat­ment has remained steady for three con­sec­u­tive years (20202022) at 8 con­firmed vic­tims for every 1,000 kids under age 18

Young chil­dren con­tin­ue to be at great­est risk of mal­treat­ment. Of the more than 555,625 con­firmed vic­tims in 2022, 70% were between birth and age 10.

Children who are confirmed by CPS as victims of maltreatment by age group

This data, which comes from the Nation­al Child Abuse and Neglect Data Sys­tem, only includes chil­dren who came to the atten­tion of author­i­ties through reports of mal­treat­ment, so the actu­al num­ber of abused or neglect­ed chil­dren may be higher.

By far, the most com­mon type of child mal­treat­ment is neglect — when a child’s basic needs are not met, such as food, hous­ing, cloth­ing, etc. — with 74% of vic­tims expe­ri­enc­ing neglect in 2022, sim­i­lar to pre­vi­ous years. Neglect is often tied to the effects of pover­ty, mak­ing it a pri­or­i­ty to strength­en and sup­port fam­i­lies in need. At the same time, it is crit­i­cal to rec­og­nize that pover­ty does not equal neglect and that the con­text in which fam­i­lies live, includ­ing pres­ence of struc­tur­al inequities and sys­temic racism, can great­ly impact fam­i­ly well-being. 

Oth­er com­mon types of mal­treat­ment include phys­i­cal abuse (17% in 2022), sex­u­al abuse (11%), emo­tion­al abuse (7%) and med­ical neglect (2%).

Children who are confirmed by CPS as victims of maltreatment by maltreatment type

State Trends in Child Maltreatment

In 2022, four states shared the low­est statewide child mal­treat­ment rate, at two con­firmed vic­tims for every 1,000 chil­dren resid­ing in the state. These four states were: New Jer­sey, Penn­syl­va­nia, Vir­ginia and Washington. 

Two states tied for the nation’s worst child mal­treat­ment rates in 2022. Mass­a­chu­setts and West Vir­ginia both report­ed 16 con­firmed vic­tims for every 1,000 chil­dren resid­ing statewide.

In line with the nation­al trend, over half (27) of all states saw their child mal­treat­ment rates fall from 2015 to 2022. Geor­gia and Ken­tucky report­ed the great­est improve­ments, going from 11 to 4 con­firmed vic­tims for every 1,000 chil­dren resid­ing in Geor­gia and from 19 to 12 con­firmed vic­tims for every 1,000 chil­dren resid­ing in Kentucky.

Oth­er states saw this rate rise from 2015 to 2022. North Car­oli­na fared the worst, with its child mal­treat­ment rate mov­ing from 3 to 10 con­firmed vic­tims for every 1,000 kids. Mon­tana and Iowa were next in line for tak­ing the largest jump in the wrong direc­tion, going from 8 to 12 con­firmed vic­tims for every 1,000 chil­dren resid­ing in Mon­tana and 11 to 15 con­firmed vic­tims for every 1,000 chil­dren resid­ing in Iowa. 

States vary in their child wel­fare poli­cies and prac­tices, which is impor­tant to con­sid­er when inter­pret­ing these trends. Stake­hold­ers can use this data to devel­op ques­tions, give stake­hold­ers a chance to use these dif­fer­ent out­comes devel­op ques­tions, com­pare strate­gies, iden­ti­fy areas of improve­ment and con­tin­ue to track their state’s progress.

Con­se­quences of Child­hood Neglect and Abuse

Young sur­vivors of mal­treat­ment can expe­ri­ence both imme­di­ate and long-term phys­i­cal, emo­tion­al and behav­ioral chal­lenges. Chil­dren who have expe­ri­enced mal­treat­ment are more like­ly to suf­fer cog­ni­tive dam­age and mem­o­ry issues and per­form poor­ly in school when com­pared to their peers.

Research has also linked child abuse and neglect to:

  • a rise in risky behavior;
  • ear­ly pregnancy;
  • feel­ing anx­ious or depressed; and
  • excess weight gain.

The effects of child abuse and neglect, espe­cial­ly when chron­ic, can dis­rupt healthy devel­op­ment and result in life­long effects on health, men­tal health and over­all well-being. Mal­treat­ment dur­ing child­hood has been linked to: 

Child Mal­treat­ment Risk and Pro­tec­tive Factors

Researchers and lead­ing orga­ni­za­tions, includ­ing the World Health Orga­ni­za­tion, the Cen­ters for Dis­ease Con­trol and Pre­ven­tion and Mass Gen­er­al Brigham, have iden­ti­fied risk fac­tors that increase — and pro­tec­tive fac­tors that decrease — the like­li­hood of child abuse or neglect.

Par­ent and Care­giv­er Risk Factors

Exam­ples of fac­tors that increase the risk of a par­ent or care­giv­er engag­ing in child mal­treat­ment include: 

  • Drug and alco­hol use or abuse.
  • Men­tal health prob­lems or high parental stress.
  • Hav­ing a child 4 years of age or under.
  • Strug­gling to bond with a newborn.
  • Car­ing for a child with spe­cial needs or disabilities.
  • Learn­ing that a child is LGBTQ+.
  • Being a vic­tim of child­hood abuse or neglect. 
  • Liv­ing in poverty.
  • Lack­ing social support. 
  • Being young, sin­gle, or hav­ing many children.
  • Expe­ri­enc­ing vio­lence with­in the family.
  • Being in a strained or high-con­flict relationship.

Com­mu­ni­ty and Soci­ety Risk Factors

Many fac­tors in the com­mu­ni­ty and across soci­ety can increase the like­li­hood of child mal­treat­ment occur­ring, such as:

  • Socioe­co­nom­ic inequities. 
  • Gen­der inequities. 
  • Con­cen­trat­ed dis­ad­van­tage, includ­ing a lack of access to basic goods and ser­vices, unsta­ble hous­ing and high rates of pover­ty and unemployment.
  • Wide­spread avail­abil­i­ty of drugs and alcohol.
  • High rates of crime and violence.
  • Lack of com­mu­ni­ty activ­i­ties for young people.

Also impor­tant: Sys­temic racism can con­tribute to some of the risk fac­tors above, includ­ing con­cen­trat­ed neigh­bor­hood dis­ad­van­tage. Struc­tur­al racism (as well as indi­vid­ual bias) also con­tributes to the over­rep­re­sen­ta­tion of Amer­i­can Indi­an and Alas­ka Native and Black chil­dren in the child wel­fare sys­tem, accord­ing to research.

Par­ent and Care­giv­er Pro­tec­tive Factors

Among par­ents and care­givers, exam­ples of key fac­tors that can reduce the like­li­hood of child abuse or neglect include:

  • Hav­ing strong social support.
  • Hav­ing nur­tur­ing, pos­i­tive rela­tion­ships with kids.
  • Being present and engaged with children.

Pos­i­tive social sup­port, in par­tic­u­lar, is one of the strongest pro­tec­tive fac­tors, accord­ing to research. Whether the sup­port comes from a roman­tic part­ner, friends or fam­i­ly mem­bers, research shows that hav­ing a sup­port­ive social net­work can reduce the like­li­hood of child mal­treat­ment and — impor­tant­ly — reduce the like­li­hood of inter­gen­er­a­tional abuse.

Com­mu­ni­ty and Soci­ety Pro­tec­tive Factors

Addi­tion­al fac­tors at the com­mu­ni­ty or soci­ety lev­el can help pro­tect against child mal­treat­ment by pro­vid­ing fam­i­lies with more sta­ble, sup­port­ive expe­ri­ences and reduc­ing parental stress. Among these factors:

  • Poli­cies that pro­mote sys­temic equi­ty by race or eth­nic­i­ty, gen­der and geography.
  • Poli­cies that improve fam­i­ly finan­cial secu­ri­ty, such as paid parental leave, sub­si­dized child care and strength­ened tax cred­its and safe­ty net benefits.
  • Com­mu­ni­ties with access to basic ser­vices, includ­ing afford­able and high-qual­i­ty child care, hous­ing, health care and men­tal health care.
  • Neigh­bor­hoods with eco­nom­ic oppor­tu­ni­ties and activ­i­ties for youth.
  • Com­mu­ni­ties with social cohe­sion, such as trust and con­nec­tions among neighbors.

Pre­ven­tion of Child Maltreatment

Child mal­treat­ment is pre­ventable, and its effects can be mit­i­gat­ed with effec­tive treat­ment and trau­ma-informed services. 

Unfor­tu­nate­ly, only half (50%) of child vic­tims received ser­vices in 2022. This sta­tis­tic fell 2 per­cent­age points in just one year and rep­re­sents a sub­stan­tial num­ber of chil­dren with have unmet needs.

The work of pre­vent­ing abuse and neglect requires col­lab­o­ra­tion across mul­ti­ple sec­tors to reduce risk fac­tors and strength­en pro­tec­tive fac­tors at the indi­vid­ual, fam­i­ly, com­mu­ni­ty and soci­etal lev­els. Increas­ing­ly, efforts to pre­vent child mal­treat­ment are empha­siz­ing pro­tec­tive fac­tors in lieu of focus­ing on reduc­ing risk fac­tors. This solu­tions-ori­ent­ed shift can help nur­ture both fam­i­ly strengths, sup­port­ive envi­ron­ments and pos­i­tive out­comes for chil­dren and families.

Learn more about child mal­treat­ment pre­ven­tion.

When Fam­i­lies Are Strug­gling: A Shift Toward Sup­port­ing, Not Reporting

Child well-being experts have iden­ti­fied signs of child mal­treat­ment, and while they rec­om­mend that adults report abuse or neglect to a trust­ed author­i­ty, they also cau­tion that over­re­port­ing of sus­pect­ed mal­treat­ment is a prob­lem. Unfor­tu­nate­ly, fam­i­lies of col­or are more like­ly to be involved in the child wel­fare sys­tem due to over­re­port­ing. Near­ly half of sus­pect­ed mal­treat­ment reports are screened out by child pro­tec­tive ser­vices (CPS) because they don’t meet the def­i­n­i­tion of abuse or neglect. Of the remain­ing reports that are inves­ti­gat­ed by CPS, only 16% are sub­stan­ti­at­ed with evi­dence. When fam­i­lies are inves­ti­gat­ed by CPS, it can be a trau­mat­ic and harm­ful expe­ri­ence, which can exac­er­bate prob­lems for fam­i­lies that may have been strained in the first place.

Giv­en this, lead­ers are now pro­mot­ing a cul­tur­al shift away from sur­veil­lance and over­re­port­ing and increas­ing­ly seek­ing to proac­tive­ly sup­port fam­i­lies in need. This work also involves push­ing back against base­less stig­mas and empha­siz­ing that all par­ents need sup­port some­times, chil­dren are our shared respon­si­bil­i­ty, and it’s okay to ask for help. 

More ways to sup­port fam­i­lies include:

  • Using warm­lines” or helplines” as an alter­na­tive to CPS hotlines. 
  • Help­ing par­ents build social con­nec­tions to reduce their sense of isolation.
  • Aid­ing par­ents in access­ing need­ed ser­vices or resources, such as finan­cial, edu­ca­tion­al, men­tal health or oth­er services.
  • Advo­cat­ing for poli­cies and pro­grams that ben­e­fit families.

Sup­port for Children

Par­ents can con­nect and com­mu­ni­cate with their chil­dren on a dai­ly basis, pro­vide emo­tion­al sup­port and ensure ade­quate super­vi­sion. Adults, over­all, can fos­ter greater resilien­cy in kids by encour­ag­ing their sense of opti­mism, humor, con­fi­dence, inde­pen­dence, auton­o­my and creativity.

Car­ing, reli­able and pos­i­tive role mod­els can also make a huge dif­fer­ence in a child’s abil­i­ty to over­come mal­treat­ment, accord­ing to research.

Sup­port From Communities

Com­mu­ni­ties that pro­vide good work oppor­tu­ni­ties and basic health and social ser­vices for par­ents can reduce the inci­dence of abuse. Also help­ful: Safe places for chil­dren to go after school and access to eco­nom­ic sup­port, if needed.

Employ­ers can also adopt fam­i­ly-friend­ly poli­cies, such as paid fam­i­ly leave, liv­able wages and flex­i­ble schedules.

Learn More About Child Maltreatment

See all child wel­fare data in the KIDS COUNT Data Cen­ter and read more about the Annie E. Casey Foundation’s work in child wel­fare.

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