A Look at the Latest Population Trends for Native Children

The Unit­ed States is locat­ed on the ances­tral lands of Native nations and its found­ing includes acts of oppres­sion, geno­cide and the cul­tur­al era­sure of Indige­nous peo­ples. This long and unset­tling his­to­ry occurred before and after the cre­ation of the Unit­ed States. Despite this, Native nations con­tin­ue to show resilience and lead­er­ship, and they are con­tribut­ing pos­i­tive val­ues and exper­tise in all sec­tors of soci­ety today. As our nation con­tin­ues to face the con­se­quences of this painful lega­cy, remov­ing bar­ri­ers to oppor­tu­ni­ties for Indige­nous peo­ples is crucial.

A Word on Native Amer­i­can Terms

Sev­er­al terms are com­mon­ly used to encom­pass the wide­ly het­ero­ge­neous orig­i­nal peo­ples of North, Cen­tral and South Amer­i­ca, including:

• Amer­i­can Indi­an and Alas­ka Native;
• Amer­i­can Indian;
• First Nations;
• Native Amer­i­can;
• Native; and
• Indige­nous.

While using spe­cif­ic Native nation names is prefer­able when refer­ring to indi­vid­u­als or sin­gle groups, these broad­er terms are meant to refer to the many dif­fer­ent Native nations in what we now call the Unit­ed States. Ter­mi­nol­o­gy is evolv­ing and deeply per­son­al, and pref­er­ences vary on which labels to use. This post pri­mar­i­ly uses Amer­i­can Indi­an and Alas­ka Native (AI/AN) to be con­sis­tent with the data sources referenced.

Amer­i­can Indi­an and Alas­ka Native Chil­dren Have Decreased in Num­ber but Not Percentage

Since the turn of the cen­tu­ry, the num­ber of Amer­i­can Indi­an and Alas­ka Native (AI/AN) chil­dren has declined by near­ly 134,000, from 693,726 in 2000 to 559,819 in 2023, although their share of the U.S. child pop­u­la­tion has remained steady at 1%. These fig­ures rep­re­sent those who iden­ti­fy as AI/AN alone, not in com­bi­na­tion with anoth­er race or eth­nic­i­ty. Among AI/AN child age groups, the largest child pop­u­la­tion decrease over the last decade occurred for young chil­dren birth to age 4 com­pared with old­er chil­dren. The young adult pop­u­la­tion ages 18 to 24 has declined as well, by near­ly 30,000 in the last 10 years.

AI/AN adults, over­all, also com­prise 1% of the nation’s adult pop­u­la­tion but, unlike chil­dren and youth, their num­bers increased by almost 465,000 since 2000, reach­ing 1,872,902 in 2023.

When look­ing at those who iden­ti­fy as AI/AN in com­bi­na­tion with anoth­er race, the num­bers are sig­nif­i­cant­ly larg­er and grow­ing. For instance, accord­ing to the Cen­sus Bureau’s 2023 Amer­i­can Com­mu­ni­ty Sur­vey, the total AI/AN pop­u­la­tion, includ­ing all ages and AI/AN in com­bi­na­tion with anoth­er race, was approx­i­mate­ly 8.85 mil­lion, up by about 70% from 5.25 mil­lion a decade earlier.

Pop­u­la­tion data for the Indige­nous peo­ples of Hawaii, Amer­i­can Samoa and oth­er Pacif­ic Islands are cap­tured sep­a­rate­ly by the Cen­sus Bureau and typ­i­cal­ly pre­sent­ed as a broad­er group,​“Native Hawai­ian and Oth­er Pacif­ic Islanders” (NHPI). More than 660,000 addi­tion­al peo­ple iden­ti­fied as NHPI alone in 2023, and many more — 1.63 mil­lion — iden­ti­fied as NHPI alone or in com­bi­na­tion with anoth­er race.

See pop­u­la­tion data for Native Amer­i­can and Pacif­ic Islander children

Where Do Amer­i­can Indi­an and Alas­ka Native Chil­dren Live?

The major­i­ty (56% in 2023) of AI/AN chil­dren live in sev­en states: Okla­homa, Ari­zona, New Mex­i­co, Alas­ka, Cal­i­for­nia, South Dako­ta and North Carolina.

AI/AN chil­dren rep­re­sent near­ly one-fifth (18%) of the child pop­u­la­tion in Alas­ka, the largest share of any state in 2023 and pri­or years. South Dako­ta and New Mex­i­co have the next largest shares, with AI/AN kids com­prising about 1 in every 10 chil­dren in those states (11% and 10%, respectively).

See a map of young adult populations

State-Lev­el Trends for Amer­i­can Indi­an and Alas­ka Native Children

A 2023 report on child pop­u­la­tion trends, com­mis­sioned by the Annie E. Casey Foun­da­tion, found the fol­low­ing changes for AI/AN chil­dren between the decade of 2010 and 2020. The analy­sis is based on the decen­ni­al cen­sus, rec­og­niz­ing that the 2020 cen­sus under­count­ed AI/AN chil­dren and the total child population.

The largest increas­es in the num­ber of AI/AN chil­dren occurred in three states:

• Mon­tana (922)
• Alas­ka (648)
• North Dako­ta (455)

The largest increas­es by per­cent­age occurred in D.C. and two states:

• Dis­trict of Colum­bia (20%)
• Mon­tana (4%)
• North Dako­ta (4%)

The biggest loss in num­bers of AI/AN chil­dren occurred for:

• Okla­homa (-8,598)
• Ari­zona (-7,762)
• North Car­oli­na (-5,983)

The biggest loss in per­cent­ages of AI/AN chil­dren occurred for:

• Puer­to Rico (-43%)
• Hawaii (-36%)
• New Hamp­shire (-35%)

More About Native Nations

There are 574 fed­er­al­ly rec­og­nized Native nations, each with its own dis­tinct eth­nic iden­ti­ties, cul­tures and his­to­ries. They are also high­ly diverse, lin­guis­ti­cal­ly, using hun­dreds of lan­guages for thou­sands of years to pass down knowl­edge and tra­di­tions. Sad­ly, a sig­nif­i­cant num­ber of these lan­guages have been lost. Accord­ing to a 2023 report from the Bureau of Indi­an Affairs, just 167 Indige­nous lan­guages remain in use across the U.S., and it is esti­mat­ed that only 20 will con­tin­ue by 2050. Addi­tion­al­ly, the Cen­sus Bureau reports that just 19% of AI/AN peo­ple ages 5 and old­er spoke a lan­guage oth­er than Eng­lish at home in 2023. Revi­tal­iz­ing Indige­nous lan­guages is crit­i­cal, as they are cen­tral to the cul­tur­al iden­ti­ty, diver­si­ty and preser­va­tion of Native nations.

The fed­er­al recog­ni­tion of Native nations pro­vides cer­tain rights and pro­tec­tions, as well as eli­gi­bil­i­ty for a range of ser­vices from the U.S. gov­ern­ment. While these rec­og­nized sov­er­eign nations share land with 35 states, near­ly 40% (227 of 574) are locat­ed in Alas­ka alone, accord­ing to a 2024 report by the Con­gres­sion­al Research Ser­vice. How­ev­er, the fed­er­al­ly rec­og­nized nations do not rep­re­sent all groups. Native nations include all Indige­nous peo­ples in the Unit­ed States and its ter­ri­to­ries, such as those in Hawaii, Amer­i­can Samoa, Puer­to Rico, Guam and oth­er Mar­i­ana Islands. Some nations have lost fed­er­al recog­ni­tion or have nev­er been offi­cial­ly acknowledged.

State gov­ern­ments can also rec­og­nize Native nations sep­a­rate from the fed­er­al gov­ern­ment. The Nation­al Con­gress of Amer­i­can Indi­ans (NCAI) reports that there are 334 fed­er­al­ly- and state-rec­og­nized Amer­i­can Indi­an reser­va­tions, although the vast major­i­ty (87%) of AI/AN peo­ple live off-reser­va­tion in urban set­tings, accord­ing to the Indi­an Health Service.

Inequities in Health and Well-Being

While the resilience and assets of Native peo­ples remain strong today, his­tor­i­cal wrongs have led to dis­pro­por­tion­ate­ly worse health and socioe­co­nom­ic expe­ri­ences for AI/AN chil­dren, youth and fam­i­lies com­pared to the gen­er­al pop­u­la­tion. These dis­par­i­ties stem from social deter­mi­nants of health, includ­ing gen­er­a­tions of poli­cies, dis­crim­i­na­tion and past trau­ma. AI/AN com­mu­ni­ties also face the ongo­ing cri­sis of miss­ing and mur­dered indige­nous peo­ple. Read our com­pan­ion post about inequities in health and well-being among these chil­dren and fam­i­lies, includ­ing rec­om­men­da­tions to ensure that all AI/AN chil­dren have equi­table oppor­tu­ni­ties to thrive.

More Data and Resources on Native Communities

Gen­er­al Resources

• Asso­ci­a­tion on Amer­i­can Indi­an Affairs
• Cen­ter for Native Amer­i­can Youth
• Com­mu­ni­ty Com­mons: Native Amer­i­cans and First Nations
• First Nations Devel­op­ment Institute
• Nation­al Indige­nous Women’s Resource Center
• Native Gov­er­nance Center
• Rur­al Health Infor­ma­tion Hub
• Urban Indi­an Health Institute

Select­ed Reports

• Trib­al Nations & the Unit­ed States: An Intro­duc­tion, Nation­al Con­gress of Amer­i­can Indians
• The Gen­er­a­tional Impact of Racism on Health: Voic­es From Amer­i­can Indi­an Com­mu­ni­ties, Health Affairs
• Amer­i­can Indi­an and Alas­ka Native Cul­tur­al Wis­dom Dec­la­ra­tion in the Nation­al Trib­al Behav­ioral Health Agen­da, Sub­stance Abuse and Men­tal Health Ser­vices Administration
• Land Rights and Health Out­comes in Amer­i­can Indian/​Alaska Native Chil­dren, Amer­i­can Acad­e­my of Pedi­atrics Journal
• Chang­ing the Nar­ra­tive About Native Amer­i­cans: A Guide for Allies, Reclaim­ing Native Truth

Data Resources

• Native Amer­i­can Children’s Health and Well-Being: Cur­rent Sta­tus, Endur­ing Inequities and a Path For­ward, The Annie E. Casey Foundation
• All Data by Race and Eth­nic­i­ty on the KIDS COUNT Data Cen­ter, The Annie E. Casey Foundation
• Coun­ty-lev­el Map­ping Tool on the Rur­al Health Infor­ma­tion Hub
• My Trib­al Area Data Tool, detailed data tables and maps and oth­er resources from the U.S. Cen­sus Bureau
• Maps and Data and Fed­er­al­ly Rec­og­nized Tribes by State from the U.S. Depart­ment of the Inte­ri­or, Indi­an Affairs
• Native Data Sov­er­eign­ty Can Address Data Gaps and Improve Equi­ty, Urban Institute
• Best Prac­tices for Amer­i­can Indi­an and Alas­ka Native Data Col­lec­tion, Urban Indi­an Health Institute
• The Chang­ing Child Pop­u­la­tion of the Unit­ed States: First Data from the 2020 Cen­sus, The Annie E. Casey Foundation

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